Friday, March 6, 2015
Nutrition
Sources of Carbohydrates:
Rice,
wheat, maize, potato, banana sugar and jaggery.
Role of Carbohydrates
These
are the instant source of energy.
Stored
as starch in plants and glycogen in animals.
Proteins:
These are complex biomolecules made up of aminoacids which in turn are
made up of C, H, O, N, P and S.
Functions of Proteins
Proteins are also known as building blocks of cells which are also
responsible for control of growth and repair.
Proteins are the chief actors within the cell, said to be carrying out
the duties specified by the information encoded in genes
Many proteins are involved in the process of cell
signaling and signal transduction. Some proteins, such
as insulin, are extracellular proteins that transmit a signal from the cell in which
they were synthesized to other cells in distant tissues. Others are membrane
proteins that act as receptors whose main function is to bind a signaling
molecule and induce a biochemical response in the cell.
Fats
Oils and lipids are classified under the
category of fats. They have similar composition with that of carbohydrate but
they lack Oxygen in comparison to carbohydrates.
Classification in the basis of source-
Animal Fat:
Sources
: Milk, butter, cheese, eggs, meat and fish oil.
Plant fat:
Sources:
Vegetable oils obtained from nuts (like walnut, almonds, groundnut) and seeds
like canola, mustard, gossypium etc.
Functions:
They
are concentrated source of energy.
They
insulate the body in the form of hypodermic fat and provide contouring to the
sexes in human beings.
They
act like shock absorbers around vital organs.
They
also serve as a source of fat soluble
vitamins like A, D, E and K.
Q.1 What is nutrition?
The sum total of all the
activities starting from taking of food up to its availability to the body
cells for utilization is called
nutrition
Q.2 What are nutrients?
The organic and inorganic
molecules which provide energy and also assist in growth and repair are termed
as nutrients.
Q.3 Classify
the food with examples?
Different types of food are-
Energy yielding foods-
Carbohydrates and fats
Body building foods- Proteins
Carbohydrates and fats.
Protective foods- Vitamins and minerals
Q.4 What
are the Carbohydrates? Classify with examples.
Carbohydrates are compounds of
C, H and O in which the ration of H and O is same as in water molecule i.e. 2:1.
Classification of Carbohydrates-
Monosaccharides : These
can not be broken down further into simpler units , e.g Glucose and Fructose.
Oligosaccharides : These
can be broken down into 2 to 10 monosaccharide units
E.g.-
Disaccharides: Lactose : Glucose +
Galactose and Sucrose : Glucose + Fructose
Polysaccharides. : Consist
of more than 10 monosaccharide units E.g. Cellulose, Glycogen and Starch.
Q.5 Give one test to show the presence of
starch in the given food material.
For resting starch add Iodine
solution (KI + I2) to the sample. Development of Blue black color
indicates presence of starch in
the food material.
Q.6 What are proteins? Why are they
required?
Proteins are macromolecules
consisting of C H and N with high molecular weight. Proteins are required as
they-
They are the main
body builders.
They provide
material for growth, repair and replacement of worn out tissues.
Provide energy
during starvation.
Some hormones are
proteins.
Proteins like
Haemoglobin help in transportation
.
Q.7 What are the basic units that form
protein molecules?
The basic units of protein
molecule are the amino acids.
Q.8 Which carbohydrate is known as the
starch of the animal kingdom?
Glycogen
Q.9 What are vitamins? Classify them into
fat and water soluble giving
source and use of each of the vitamins.
Vitamins are organic compounds
required by the body in small quantities
and are essential for some metabolic activities.
Water soluble vitamins : Vitamin
B Complex and C
Fat soluble vitamins : Vitamin A, D, E and K.
Q.10 Give a test to show presence of protein
in your diet.
For
testing the presence of protein in the food material add small amount of
concentrated nitric acid to the food material development of yellow colour
shows presence of proteins which becomes orange upon addition of small amount
of ammonia solution
.
Q.11 What is PEM? Name two diseases which are
caused due to PEM.
Protein–energy malnutrition (or
protein–calorie malnutrition) refers to a form of malnutrition where there is
inadequate protein intake.
Protein energy malnutrition leads to two types of diseases.
·
Marasmus
This
is due to protein deficiency and not food calories intake. In developing countries like India it is
common in infants below one year
of age. The causal factor may be due to early replacement of mother's
milk by other foods of low protein and
calorific value. As the stored
fats and tissue proteins are used
up for the production of energy,
the infant develops a shriveled
look. Ribs become prominent and limbs become very thin as the fat layer beneath the skin disappears.Retarded physical and mental growth. Severe diarrhoea and other digestive
disorders.
·
Kwashiorkor
Children between 1-3 years of age must
consume 1g protein/kg body weight. If they consume below this quantity they can suffer from this
protein deficiency disease. Growth is stunted, appetite is poor Stomach gets distended The eyes are bulging The
patient develops match stick legs- legs become thin, long and curved Skin may
become dark and start peeling off and hair may become dull and loose its
lusture.
Q.12 What is a balanced diet?
A diet which is one which
provides the required amount of all the necessary nutrients that supply the
required amount of energy in the body and maintain proper growth, normal metabolism,
texture and functioning of the body is known as a balanced diet.
Q.13 Why do we need minerals and roughage in
our diet?
Roughage is required for the food
as
It makes the bulk of the food
and stimulate peristalsis that helps the food to keep on moving in the
alimentary canal.
It helps in cleaning the
alimentary canal.
Retaining of water.
Q.14 When a food material was heated in a test
tube it gave out some liquid, which when
brought in contact with anhydrous CuSO4
made
it blue.
i) Identify the liquid.
ii) Describe the role of this liquid in metabolism of human beings.
Ans i) Water.
ii) It is a universal solvent in which
most of the inorganic and organic compound dissolve.
iii) Acts as a transporting medium for
digested food material, gases, hormones, excretory products etc.
iv) Helps to maintain homoeostasis.
v) Helps in thermoregulation.
Q.15 Complete the following-
(i) _____________teeth is used for tearing the flesh.
(ii) _____________teeth are used for biting.
(iii) _________have 2 cusps.
(iv) Molars have _______cusps and ________ roots.
(v) ________fibres hold the tooth in the gums.
(vi) The major bulk of the teeth is made up of ______ protein.
(vii) Dental formula of man is __________/________.
(ix) Human beings have ________ dentition.
(x) ___________ teeth means two sets of
teeth of which one __________________________ are
shed in the lifetime
.
Q.16 State the role of fats.
The role of fats are-
i) Helps in the formation of cell membrane.
ii) Forms shock absorbing structure around the vital organs
of the body.
iii) Many vitamins like A, D, E and K are soluble in fats.
Q.17 Classify the organisms on the basis of
mode of nutrition-
Upon the basis of
mode of nutrition organisms are- autotrophic and heterotrophic.
Q.18 Classify the organisms on the basis of
mode of procurement of food.
On the basis of
mode of procurement of food organisms are-
Holozoic Parasitic and Saprozoic.
Q.19 Name the organism responsible for dental
caries/ decay.
Streptococcus mutans.
Q.20 Name the mineral ion vital for-
Blood
formation/ Erythropoises
Nervous
impulse conduction and muscle contraction
For
blood formation Fe+2 ions are required and form nerve impulse
conduction and muscle contraction Na+1 an K+1 ions are required.
Diversity in the Living World
Diversity in
the Living world
Need for Classification
1.
Classification
make the study of the living organisms easy.
2.
It
helps to understand the evolutionary relationship among the living organisms.
3.
It
helps in the specific identification of any given organism.
4.
The
study of a few representatives from each distinct group helps us to integrate
the idea of life as a whole.
5.
It
helps in the specific identification of any given organism
Name of the branch of biology dealing with
Classification of living organisms
The branch
of biology dealing with the study of organisms is known as taxonomy/
systematics.
The Binomial Nomenclature
It is the
system of giving a scientific name to an animal or a plant, an outstanding
system contributed by Carolus Linnaeus.
According to this system, any given animal or plant is given a scientific name
consisting of two words. The first word refers to name of the genus while the
second word refers to the name of the species. Both the genus and the species
are generally given Latin names.
1.
Every
scientific name should have words either in Latin or be Latinized (i.e., follow
Latin grammar).
2.
The
first word refers to name of the genus and the second word to the name of the
species.
3.
The name
of the genus should start with a capital letter and name of the species with a
small letter.
4.
Both the
names should be printed in italics or else they should be underlined
separately.
5.
For
example, Felis leo or Felis leo.
6.
Name of
the scientist who first identified and described the species should be
abbreviated and written after the species
name, preferably in brackets. For example, Homo
sapiens Linnaeus is written as Homo
sapiens (Linn). This practice is more prevalent in the botanical sciences.
|
Q.1 Name the following:
1.
The
category of organisms lacking a backbone.
2.
Unicellular
microscopic animals.
3.
An
animal which has lungs but no external ears.
4.
Animals
which have four chambered heart and they feed their young ones with mammary glands.
5.
An
animal with water vascular system/ canal system.
6.
An
animal in which the body is covered with calcareous mantle and locomotion is
with tube feet.
7.
An
aquatic mammal.
8.
Animals
which can survive both on land and in water.
9.
Plants
in which seeds are produced in naked sex organs.
10. Plants which have poorly
developed conducting tissue.
11. Animals which have spiny body and
show radial symmetry.
12. The symmetry in which the body is
divisible in two equal parts which are similar to each other externally.
13. The amphibians of the plant
kingdom.
14. The type of algae which have
prokaryotic organization.
15. Plants which produce seeds in
covered sex organs.
16. Animals with jointed
appendiculate chitinous exoskeleton.
17. The scientist who gave the five
kingdom system of classification.
18. The scientist who gave the
binomial nomenclature.
19. Animal with light body covered
with feathers and hollow bones.
20. Phylum to which Ascaris belongs.
Q.2 Find the
odd one out in each of the following giving suitable reason. One such is solved
for youExample : Fasciola, Schistosoma, Sycon, Taenia
Ans : Sycon As it belongs to phylum porifera and the rest belong to phylum platyhelminthes
1.
Crab,
Locust, roundworm, housefly
2.
Lizard,
snake, tortoise, cat.
3.
Frog,
salamander, toad and duck
4.
Euglena, Amoeba, Paramecium, Ulothrix
5.
Unio,
Pila, Starfish, Chiton.
6.
Hydra, Hirudinaria, Aurelia and Metridium.
7.
Sparrow,
Emu, Kiwis, Ostrich (Struthio camellus)
8.
Parrot,
Bat, Crow and duck.
9.
Cycas,
Pinus, Agaricus
10. Penicillium, Vibrio, Rhizopus.
Basis for Classifying
the Organisms:Symmetry:
·
Unicellular
or Multicellular
·
Prokaryotic
or Eukaryotic
·
Radial
of Bilateral symmetry
·
Presence
or absence of nerve chord
·
Presence
or absence of vertebral column.
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